Highlighted Topic: Harnessing ASEAN’s Data Center Boom

Introduction

Shifting geopolitical dynamics, tightening regulatory frameworks, and the rapid evolution of digital services are reshaping data infrastructure demands across ASEAN. These developments compel companies to rethink their data center strategies, driving the need for localized, scalable, and resilient facilities.

ASEAN is rapidly emerging as a global leader in digital adoption. The region’s digital economy is forecasted to outpace global growth, with its Gross Merchandise Value (GMV) expected to reach USD 600 billion by 2030, growing at 15% annually. Within this context, Indonesia has become a thriving hub, attracting investments from global tech giants like Google, Microsoft, and Amazon Web Services (AWS), leveraging its large population and burgeoning demand for digital services. Malaysia, Thailand, and Vietnam are also pivotal players, securing foreign investments and strategically positioning themselves as cost-effective hubs.

Key Trends Shaping ASEAN’s Data Center Landscape

1. Explosive Growth in Data Consumption:
   • Monthly data usage in ASEAN is predicted to grow from 17 GB in 2023 to 42 GB per user by 2029, requiring significant upgrades in processing and storage infrastructure to meet surging demand.
2. Accelerating Cloud Computing Needs:
   • Regional cloud spending is projected to rise from USD 4 billion in 2020, with a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 33% through 2026. This has pushed demand for hyperscale data centers supporting large-scale cloud ecosystems.
3. Proliferation of E-Government Strategies:
   • Around 40% of ASEAN nations, including Indonesia, have adopted national cloud strategies requiring localized digital infrastructure for managing sensitive public sector data.
4. Decentralization Beyond Singapore:
   • Singapore, while a dominant digital hub, faces land and energy restrictions, driving investment into emerging markets like Johor Bahru (Malaysia), Batam (Indonesia), and Bangkok (Thailand).
5. Data Localization Mandates:
   • Nations such as Indonesia, Thailand, and Vietnam have introduced data sovereignty laws that require local data storage, intensifying investment in regional data center infrastructure.

Decentralization Across ASEAN

Global technology companies are pivoting their focus from Singapore towards secondary ASEAN markets to address supply constraints, rising costs, and tightening regulations. Countries like Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand are capturing this spillover by offering cost advantages, strategic geography, and growing digital economies.

• Singapore:
  A mature market, but with land and energy limitations triggering spillover investments.
• Indonesia:
  A rising star driven by affordable land, a growing tech population, and government incentives, seeing massive investments from hyperscalers like AWS, Google, and Microsoft.
• Malaysia and Thailand:
  Emerging alternatives balancing robust connectivity, government incentives, and cost advantages.
• Vietnam

Vietnam is quickly emerging as a key digital player in ASEAN. Benefiting from economic reforms and its growing tech ecosystem, Vietnam is rapidly developing infrastructure to meet explosive demand for data center services.

Notable Investments and Data Center Numbers (as of March 2025)

Indonesia

• Operational Data Centers:
  64 facilities, with ongoing and planned projects for hyperscale and colocation data centers.
• Key Investments:
  • AWS invested USD 2.5 billion in Jakarta with three availability zones.
  • Microsoft Azure allocated over USD 1 billion for hyperscale and edge facilities, alongside workforce training for 840,000 Indonesians.
  • Google expanded hyperscale operations for enterprise workloads in Jakarta.
  • Alibaba Cloud committed USD 300 million, focusing on Jakarta and Batam.
  • Digital Realty is building a 32 MW campus in Jakarta.
• Key Locations:
  Greater Jakarta serves as the primary hub, while Batam attracts regional investments near Singapore.

Malaysia

• Operational Data Centers:
  Over 50 facilities, with rapid expansions in Johor and Kuala Lumpur.
• Key Investments:
  • Microsoft’s USD 2.2 billion development to establish regional hubs.
  • Equinix opened robust IBX colocation centers.
  • GDS Holdings expanded hyperscale capabilities in Johor.
  • AWS continued to invest in key infrastructure near Singapore.
• Key Locations:
  Johor Bahru offers proximity to Singapore, positioning Malaysia as a cost-effective hub.

Thailand

• Operational Data Centers:
  Approximately 45 facilities supported by escalating investments.
• Key Investments:
  • Beijing Haoyang Cloud initiated a 300 MW project in Bangkok.
  • Microsoft developed its first Azure region in Bangkok.
  • NTT Communications expanded colocation services supporting edge computing.
• Key Locations:
  Bangkok remains the epicenter for Thailand’s digital hub.

Vietnam

• Operational Data Centers:
  ~ 30 facilities.
• Key Investments:
  • SAM DigitalHub:
    The $1.5 billion initiative by Saigon Asset Management (SAM) represents Vietnam’s largest data center campus, offering 124 acres and 150 MW capacity. Located in the Vietnam Singapore Industrial Park (VSIP) near Ho Chi Minh City, the project addresses long-standing challenges, including proper land zoning, renewable energy integration, and reliable fiber networks.
  • Telehouse (Hanoi expansion), PMX development projects (nearly 125 MW completed in two years).
• Key Locations:
  Concentrated in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City.

Challenges Across Indonesian Localities

Greater Jakarta

• Opportunities:
  Enterprise-ready infrastructure, a tech-savvy workforce, and substantial digital demand.
• Challenges:
  Rising land costs and energy expenses.

Batam

• Opportunities:
  Proximity to Singapore adds strategic value for spillover investments.
• Challenges:
  Power grid reliability and ambiguity in investment regulations.

Surabaya and Secondary Cities

• Opportunities:
  Ideal locations for edge computing and IoT deployments.
• Challenges:
  Limited talent pool and fiber connectivity barriers.

Sustainability and Economic Outlook

Cost-Efficiency

Profit margins in Indonesia are estimated between 20%-35%, with payback periods averaging 6-7 years for hyperscale projects. The landscape demands a balance of CAPEX intensity and operational sustainability.

Green Infrastructure

Efforts to transition toward solar and renewable energy solutions are underway, with AWS and Telkom Indonesia leading initiatives to reduce dependency on fossil fuels.

Skylight’s Opinion

Indonesia is becoming a targeted market for data centers, driven by its growing digital economy, and rising demand for digital services. However, challenges such as energy reliability, regulatory hurdles, and infrastructure gaps must be addressed to unlock its full potential.

Opportunities

• Cross-Regional Access: Strategic proximity to Singapore and wide domestic market reach.
• E-Commerce Surge: Rapid cloud and digital service adoption driving data demands.
• Government Support: Initiatives like Indonesia 4.0 fostering digital infrastructure growth.

Challenges

• Energy Constraints: Unreliable and costly power outside key areas.
• Regulatory Barriers: Slow permit processes and compliance issues.
• Scalability Limits: Increasing land costs and infrastructure gaps.

Actionable Recommendations

• Operators: Improve energy efficiency with renewables and collaborate with regulators for optimized compliance.
• Manufacturers: Offer modular systems, smart cooling for tropical conditions, and educate operators on efficient operations.
• Investors: Fund renewable energy initiatives, support growth in tier-2 cities, and back strategic local acquisitions.

By focusing on sustainability, innovation, and partnerships, Indonesia can solidify its position as a critical hub in ASEAN’s digital landscape.

Latest Update

• Oracle Considers Data Center Investment in Indonesia
  • Oracle Corporation, the world’s third-largest software company, is in discussions with the Indonesian government to establish a cloud services center.
  • The likely location is Nongsa Digital Park, Batam, chosen for its proximity to Oracle’s existing cloud facilities in Singapore.
  • Currently, Oracle operates two cloud computing facilities in Singapore and maintains 50 public cloud regions across 24 countries.
  • The company recently announced plans to invest USD 6.5 billion to establish its first public cloud region in Malaysia, signaling its broader ambition to expand data centers across Asia—from Japan to New Zealand and India.

• Digital Realty Bersama Expands Data Center in Indonesia
  • Bersama Digital Infrastructure Asia (BDIA), through its subsidiary Bersama Digital Data Center (BDDC), formed Digital Realty Bersama – a 50:50 joint venture with Digital Realty, a global data center operator with 300+ facilities in 25 countries.
  • BDDC’s majority shareholders are Provident Capital Partners (Private Equity), PT Saratoga Investama Sedaya Tbk (Indonesian investment company), a consortium led by Macguarie Asset Management (global asset manager from Australia) and Distro Hub.
  • Digital Realty Bersama currently has two data centers with a total capacity of around 6.5 Megawatts (MW), namely CGK 10 in West Jakarta, and CGK 11 in Central Jakarta. Each has a capacity of around 1.5 MW and 5 MW.
  • Digital Realty Bersama will spur expansion by increasing capacity to 32 MW at CGK 11. This expansion is targeted to take place in the next two years. The company shared readiness to expand to other areas outside Jakarta following the growing demand.

• Amazon Kuiper Enters Indonesia
  • Amazon Kuiper, a LEO satellite-based internet provider owned by Amazon, is seeking operational permits in Indonesia, including telecommunications licenses and satellite lending rights.
  • Kuiper aims to provide high-speed, low-latency internet to rural and underdeveloped regions, aligning with the government’s digital inclusion goals.
  • The initiative will consist of 3,000 satellites, with services launching once 578 satellites achieve orbit.

•  KITB Officially Becomes a Special Economic Zone
  • The Batang Integrated Industrial Estate (KITB), a government-owned industrial park, was officially upgraded to Industropolis Batang SEZ on March 20, 2025, as per Government Regulation No. 12/2025. President Prabowo Subianto inaugurated the SEZ to attract investments and foster development.
  • Businesses in SEZs enjoy incentives such as:
    • Up to 20 years of income tax exemptions for investments over IDR 1 trillion (USD 62.5 million) – government approval is still required.
    • Ease in customs, excise, employment, immigration, land use, business licensing, and regulatory processes.
  • Indonesia currently has 24 SEZs with a combined area of 21,000 hectares, ranging across manufacturing, tourism, digital industry, and other services.
  • Indonesia’s SEZ land area remains modest in size compared to 1.6 million hectares in Vietnam, and 2.15 million hectares in Malaysia, 622,000 hectares in Thailand, and 70,000 hectares in the Philippines.

• Geely’s Expansion in the Indonesian Market
  • Geely Auto, a subsidiary of China Zhejiang Geely Holding Group, entered the Indonesian market in January 2025.
  • The company operates three dealerships in Jakarta and Tangerang, with plans to expand to Bogor, Batam, Bandung, and other major cities like Surabaya, Medan, and Denpasar. Geely aims for 40 dealerships nationwide by the end of 2025.
  • Following its sale of over 1,000 vehicles since entering the market, Geely is establishing a Completely Knocked Down assembly facility at PT Handal Indonesia Motor’s factory in Purwakarta. Production is set to begin in Q3 2025 after equipment installation in Q2.
  • These efforts reflect Geely’s commitment to Indonesia’s automotive sector and increasing local content in its products.

• Medco Targets Final Investment Decision for Ijen Geothermal Power Plant
  • PT Medco Energi Internasional Tbk anticipates reaching a final investment decision for Phase 2 of the Ijen Geothermal Power Plant by Q1 2026, adding 55 MW of capacity.
  • Phase 1, operational since February 2025, produces 34.5 MW and is part of a joint venture between Ormat Technologies and PT Medco Power Indonesia.
  • The total planned capacity for the plant is 110 MW, further supporting Indonesia’s renewable energy goals. Electricity is sold under a 30-year PPA with PT PLN.

• China Enhances Exploration on Java’s Landfill Sites
  • China Water Industry Group Limited (CWI) has signed a MoU with Sidoarjo Regency, East Java, for its second landfill gas-to-energy project in Indonesia. Signed on March 24, 2025, the project will utilize landfill gas from Sidoarjo’s municipal waste to generate an estimated 3 MW of electricity annually by 2027.
  • This initiative is expected to produce 24 million kWh of electricity per year, reducing approximately 90,000 tons of carbon emissions annually. The electricity will support Sidoarjo and nearby areas, promoting environmental sustainability by converting waste into clean energy. Sidoarjo, with a population of 2.2 million, generates 700 tons of waste daily, providing ample feedstock for the project.
  • CWI signed another MoU with Semarang Regency, Central Java, to manage the TPA Blondo Landfill. This agreement focuses on landfill gas power generation, landfill operation, and leachate treatment.
  • Over the past year, CWI has conducted site assessments for additional landfill sites in Indonesia, strengthening its renewable energy initiatives and engagement with local stakeholders while navigating the regulatory framework.

• Indonesia’s Potential New Province
  • Discussions are ongoing to separate six regencies from Central Java to form a new North Java Province. If approved, Kudus will serve as the capital.
  • Proposed regencies include Jepara, Kudus, Grobogan, Pati, Rembang, and Blora.
  • The new province aims to support equitable development for residents along the north coast.

• Ministry of Public Works Builds Toll Road to Support Subang Smartpolitan
  • The Ministry of Public Works will build a new toll exit at KM 87+950 of the Cikopo-Palimanan (Cipali) Toll Road as a temporary access to facilitate the Subang Smartpolitan since the proposed junction doesn’t meet distance requirements between interchanges in accordance with Government Regulation 23/2024.
  • A 37 km access road to Patimban Port is also progressing:
    • 14 km funded by the private sector and operational by Q4 2026.
    • 23 km state-funded and set to open in Q3 2026.

• PT Samudera Indonesia to Build Container Terminal in Patimban
  • PT Samudera Indonesia Tbk (SMDR), a sea transportation services, together with its consortium partners, Africa Global Logistics SAS (AGL) and Toyota Tsusho Corporation (TTC), are investing over USD 1 billion to develop a container terminal at Patimban Port.
  • The terminal will gradually expand capacity to 3.7 million TEUs, with commercial operations expected by 2026.

• Johor-Singapore SEZ Dangles More Investor Perks
  • Malaysia and Singapore formalized the Johor-Singapore SEZ agreement in January 2025 to promote industries like aerospace, medical devices, and electronics, targeting to encompass 50 projects and generate 20,000 skilled workers in the first 5 years, modelled after China’s Shenzhen SEZ
  • Investor perks include:

• • • 5% tax rates (15 years) for investments exceeding USD 226 million.
    • 15% personal income tax for specialized professionals relocating to Johor.

• • Major infrastructure projects include:
    • The RTS Link connecting Singapore and Johor by December 2026.
    • The Gemas-Johor Bahru electrified double-track project, nearing Q3 2025 completion.
  • Plans are underway for new industrial parks, logistics hubs, and tech zones within the SEZ to attract global investors.

• Singapore-Vietnam Joint Venture For A New Industrial Park
  • Singapore and Vietnam just announced the virtual ground-breaking of the Vietnam-Singapore Industrial Park (VSIP) in Thai Binh province on March 26.
  • The 333 hectare VSIP Thai Binh bolsters the VSIP into 20 VSIPs across Vietnam that are a key plank of the two countries’ relationship. VSIP is joint venture between Singapore’s Sembcorp and Vietnam’s Becamex IDC, launched in 1996 as the first VSIP. Today, the partnership has become a symbol of success in foreign investment attraction and industrial development, where Vietnam currently hosts 20 VSIP projects nationwide, covering 12,000 hectares and attracting over 1,000 enterprises from 30 countries and territories, with a total investment of USD 23.4 billion.
  • Strategically located in northern Vietnam’s growing industrial ecosystem, VSIP Thai Binh will serve as a key hub, supporting high-value sectors such as electronic components, precision engineering, and renewable energy. The land will be available for handover to customers in 2026.

• Chandra Asri and Glencore Acquire Aster Chemicals and Energy (ACE)
• • PT Chandra Asri Pacific Tbk (TPIA) and Glencore have acquired 100% ownership of Shell Energy and Chemicals Park Singapore, now renamed Aster Chemicals and Energy (ACE).
  • The acquisition was conducted through CAPGC Pte. Ltd, a joint venture between Chandra Asri Capital Pte. Ltd, a TPIA subsidiary and Glencore Asian Holdings Pte. Ltd. The process followed an open tender under Singapore law, beginning in June 2023 after Shell’s strategic review, with the Sale and Purchase Agreement (SPA) signed on May 8, 2024.
  • Located in Pulau Bukom, ACE was previously Shell’s only energy and chemicals park in Asia, originally built as Singapore’s first refinery in 1961.
  • Transformed into a modern energy hub, ACE focuses on: low-carbon energy production, including biofuels; circularity initiatives, such as recycling waste plastics into feedstock; renewable energy integration.
  • Key Assets and Outputs:
    • Ethylene Cracker with a capacity of 1 million tonnes/year.
    • Butadiene Unit producing 155,000 tonnes/year.
    • Linked to Jurong Island’s MEG Plant, one of the world’s largest.
    • Base oils & bitumen are supplied across Southeast Asia and China.
  • ACE will strengthen Indonesia’s domestic energy and petrochemical supply chains as a key supplier.

• French HDF Energy Develops Renewable Energy Projects in Indonesia
  • French renewable energy firm HDF Energy plans to invest over USD 2 billion in Indonesia to develop more than 22 hydrogen power plants under its Renewstable® initiative.
  • These plants integrate renewable energy, green hydrogen production, and storage to deliver 24/7 emission-free electricity, targeting remote areas heavily reliant on diesel. The first project in Sumba, East Nusa Tenggara, will feature 30 MWp of solar PV and 67 MWh of storage, producing 47 GWh annually as a proof of concept.
  • Additional sites in Sulawesi, Maluku, Papua, and Nusa Tenggara are under feasibility studies or have government backing. Collaborations include MoUs with PT PLN, partnerships with financial institutions like ADB and DFC, and potential hydrogen transportation projects with ASDP.
  • This initiative supports Indonesia’s positioning as a hub in the global hydrogen economy while addressing energy challenges in its eastern regions.

• CEEC Signs Deal for Batam Island’s Green Hydrogen Project
  • China Energy Engineering Corporation (CEEC) has signed an EPC contract for a landmark renewable energy and green ammonia project on Batam Island, Indonesia, marking the company’s first application of its advanced green electricity-to-hydrogen-to-ammonia-methanol technology in Southeast Asia.
  • According to the company’s official announcement, the contract was signed by China Energy Engineering International Corporation Ltd., a subsidiary of China Energy Engineering, in consortium with the Northeast Electric Power Design Institute, a major power engineering firm in China.
  • The project includes the construction of a 240 MW photovoltaic power system, combining both land-based and floating solar power, and a facility capable of producing 37,500 tons of green synthetic ammonia annually.
  • The green ammonia produced will be exported to Singapore, reinforcing the project’s significance as a cross-border clean energy supply initiative.

• China Poultry Feed to Invest in Central Java
  • Chinese animal poultry company PT Haida Group will build a new factory in Central Java, discussed a 6 hectare land in Kendal Industrial Park to smooth the plan. This will be its third factory in Indonesia after Pasuruan East Java and South Lampung. Central Java is competing with West Java to secure the investment.
  • Haida Group will conduct a review in Kendal Regency for the preparation of the factory construction, which is targeted to be completed in the span of one year.
  • Central Java is planning to revitalize their Tanjung Emas Port in Semarang and proposing Semarang’s Ahmad Yani Airport status to become an international airport.

• Indonesia and Turkey to Strengthen Cooperations
  • Turkish’ sole company in rocket and missile propulsion system technologies, Roketsan announced plans to build a joint production facility in Indonesia as part of a strategic agreement between the two countries. The agreement signed with the Indonesia-based defense industry company covers the production of anti-ship missiles called ATMACA, cruise missiles and various smart ammunition systems, will include technology transfer plans, local infrastructure development, and training programs for engineers and technicians from the Southeast Asian country.
  • Indonesia President Prabowo expressed interest to participate in Turkey’s fifth-generation stealth fighter jet development program called KAAN, aimed to rival the F-35.
  • PT Pertamina Geothermal Energy Tbk (PGEO) signed a Joint Study Agreement (JSA) with Turkish energy company Zorlu Enerji Elektrik Üretim A.Ş. on April 10, 2025, in Ankara, Turkey. Zorlu Enerji, part of the Zorlu Energy Group, operates a diversified energy portfolio exceeding 1,000 MW, with projects spanning hydroelectric, wind, geothermal, and natural gas power plants in Turkey and abroad. The collaboration aims to explore geothermal power plant development within Zorlu Enerji’s licensed geothermal areas in Turkey, strengthening ties between Indonesia and Turkey in renewable energy advancements.

• Netherlands Expressed Support to Indonesia through Invest International
  • The Dutch government expressed its commitment to support Indonesia’s priority programs through the Invest International funding agency. The value reached 300 million euros or around IDR 5.72 trillion ( 1 euro = IDR 19,070) in the form of grants and soft loans to support strategic projects in the water, renewable energy and waste management sectors.
  • Several priority projects were mentioned under this funding scheme, including coastal protection in Demak and Cirebon as part of the Giant Sea Wall initiation, construction of peat water treatment plants into drinking water in Riau and South Kalimantan, as well as waste to energy at Legok Nangka landfill, West Java.

• China GEM, South Korea EcoPro and Brazilian Vale Cooperation in Central Sulawesi
  • GEM Co. Ltd., China’s supplier of battery raw materials, has partnered with South Korea’s EcoPro BM and Indonesian miners to establish a cost-competitive lithium battery materials supply chain in Indonesia. The collaboration includes the development of the International Green Industrial Park in Morowali Regency, Central Sulawesi, a key nickel mining region. The park will feature a complete supply chain for ternary lithium battery materials, from nickel ore processing to the production of precursors and cathode materials.
  • GEM will contribute its expertise in nickel processing and precursor production, while EcoPro will focus on cathode material technology and attracting global investors. Indonesian partners will supply nickel ore and assist with permits. The partnership also includes a joint venture, with EcoPro expected to hold up to 20% ownership, and plans to involve local partners like PT Vale. This initiative aims to enhance supply capabilities, address trade risks, and strengthen the global competitiveness of lithium battery materials.

• GStar Solar New Manufacturing Facility in West Java
  • Gstar Solar, a Singapore-based solar PV manufacturer, has advanced the development of its 3GW photovoltaic manufacturing facility in Indonesia with the delivery of essential equipment, including monocrystalline growth furnaces and control systems.
  • These furnaces, utilizing the Czochralski (CZ) crystal growth method, feature fully automated systems to ensure precise control of temperature, pulling speed, and rotation. This technology will enable the production of high-quality silicon with low dislocation densities, meeting industry standards. The facility will install a total of 120 furnaces in phases, focusing on producing large-size silicon wafers (182mm and 210mm) to meet the rising demand for efficient photovoltaic products.
  • Located in the Greenland International Industrial Center (GIIC) in Cikarang, West Java, trial production is scheduled to begin in May 2025, with full operational capacity expected shortly thereafter.
  • Gstar Solar’s expansion in Indonesia complements its regional network, which includes operational factories in Thailand and Laos, as well as a nearly commissioned module factory in the Philippines. This strategic approach enhances its footprint in Southeast Asia’s renewable energy sector.

• President Prabowo Intends To Erase Import Quotas
  • Prabowo Subianto has instructed officials to abolish import quotas, particularly for essential goods, citing their negative impact on trade flow. The directive, delivered to top economic leaders, aims to ease business operations and reduce bureaucracy. Meat imports are one of the key focus, with Prabowo calling for open access to import opportunities.
  • Deputy Agriculture Minister Sudaryono clarified that the move is meant to break monopolies and create a fairer, more efficient food supply system—without opening the floodgates to uncontrolled imports. Domestic production will remain a priority, especially for food, technology, and clothing.
  • The Ministry of Trade (MoT) also proposed extending the removal of import quotas beyond food commodities to include industrial raw materials. The policy is currently under review by relevant ministries and agencies, pending a final decision from the Coordinating Ministry for Economic Affairs.
  • However, Institute For Development of Economics and Finance (INDEF) cautioned that if the policy leads to an uncontrolled open import system, the domestic market risks being flooded with foreign goods while local industries remain in a fragile recovery. Labour-intensive sectors such as textiles, footwear, and light electronics—already facing waves of layoffs—could face heightened pressure, potentially resulting in further job losses, and an influx of cheap imports could undermine investor confidence, discouraging future investments and industrial development in Indonesia.

-end-

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  • https://www.pv-magazine.com/2025/04/01/gstars-wafer-factory-in-indonesia-gets-monocrystalline-growth-furnaces/
  • https://www.cnnindonesia.com/ekonomi/20250409151946-92-1217163/prabowo-mau-buka-keran-impor-barang-apa-yang-bisa-masuk-lebih-banyak
  • https://www.yicaiglobal.com/news/chinas-gem-to-build-lithium-battery-materials-supply-chain-in-indonesia-with-ecopro-local-miners

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